Photography Glossary: Your Ultimate Guide To Terms

Hey photo enthusiasts! Ever felt lost in the sea of photography jargon? Don't worry, we've all been there! Photography can sometimes feel like learning a whole new language. From aperture to zoom, the terms can seem endless. But fear not, because this comprehensive photography glossary is here to break down all those confusing words and concepts. Consider this your go-to guide to understanding and mastering the world of photography. Whether you're just starting out or you're a seasoned pro, this glossary will help you speak the language of photography with confidence. We'll explore everything from the basic building blocks like ISO and shutter speed, to more advanced techniques like bokeh and long exposure. So, grab your camera, and let's dive into the fascinating world of photography terminology! This glossary is designed to be user-friendly, providing clear and concise definitions that will empower you to take better photos and understand the technical aspects of your craft. We'll cover everything from camera settings to composition techniques, ensuring you have a solid foundation in photographic knowledge. Get ready to level up your photography game!

A is for Aperture: Understanding the Lens's Eye

Let's kick things off with aperture, one of the fundamental concepts in photography, guys. Think of the aperture as the eye of your camera lens. It's the opening that lets light into your camera's sensor. The size of this opening is measured in f-numbers (f-stops). Now, the tricky part is that the smaller the f-number, the larger the aperture, and vice versa. So, an aperture of f/2.8 is much wider than an aperture of f/16. Why does this matter? Well, a wider aperture (smaller f-number) lets in more light, which is great for low-light situations and also creates a shallow depth of field. This means that your subject will be in sharp focus, while the background blurs out, creating that beautiful bokeh effect. A narrower aperture (larger f-number) lets in less light, so you may need to use a slower shutter speed or higher ISO in low light. It also increases your depth of field, which means more of your scene will be in focus, from the foreground to the background. This is useful for landscapes, where you want everything to be sharp. Aperture plays a crucial role in controlling both the exposure of your image and the artistic look of your photos. It affects how much of your scene is in focus and how much is blurred, allowing you to control the depth of field. Understanding aperture is essential for any photographer, as it directly influences the final result of your images. By mastering aperture, you can creatively control the look and feel of your photographs, whether you're aiming for a sharp landscape or a dreamy portrait with a blurred background. The choice of aperture is a creative decision that depends on your artistic vision and the specific conditions of your shoot. This is a very important concept. So keep it in mind and keep practicing it.

Bokeh

Bokeh, my friends, is that dreamy, out-of-focus effect you often see in the background of photos. It's that beautiful, blurred quality that adds a touch of magic to your images, especially in portraits. The shape and appearance of the bokeh are determined by the aperture blades of your lens. When you shoot with a wide aperture (a low f-number like f/2.8 or f/1.8), the background elements will be rendered as soft, circular, orbs of light. The quality of bokeh is often a factor that photographers consider when purchasing lenses, but that's a topic for another time. The bokeh effect is not just a technical aspect; it's also a creative element that can significantly enhance your photographs. A pleasing bokeh can draw the viewer's eye to the subject while creating a visually appealing background. Different lenses produce different types of bokeh. Some lenses are known for their smooth, creamy bokeh, while others create more distinct and defined shapes. Understanding bokeh allows you to make informed decisions about your lens choice and settings to achieve the desired artistic effect. The ability to control bokeh gives you another tool to shape the aesthetic of your images. It’s like adding a layer of artistry to your photos, making them more visually appealing and adding depth to your storytelling.

B is for Bokeh, and Beyond: Mastering the Basics

We touched on bokeh above, but let's talk about the basics again, shall we? This section focuses on exposure, which is the total amount of light that reaches your camera's sensor. It's a delicate balance of three key elements: aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. They work together to create a properly exposed image. Shutter speed is the length of time your camera's shutter is open, measured in seconds or fractions of a second. It controls how motion is captured. A fast shutter speed (e.g., 1/500 second) freezes motion, while a slow shutter speed (e.g., 1 second) blurs motion, creating effects like light trails. ISO determines your camera's sensitivity to light. A low ISO (e.g., 100) is best for bright conditions and produces clean images. A high ISO (e.g., 3200) is useful in low light but can introduce noise or grain into your image. This is a bit advanced, but you'll get the hang of it as you take more pictures. Mastering these three elements is crucial for achieving the desired exposure in your photos. When you set the aperture, shutter speed, and ISO correctly, you'll be able to create images that are neither too dark nor too bright. It's like finding the sweet spot where the light is just right. Exposure is the foundation of every photograph. If the exposure is off, the image may be too dark or too bright. Getting it right is crucial for producing the look you want. By understanding how these three elements interact, you can make informed decisions about your camera settings and create stunning photographs in any lighting situation. This is a super important concept. Keep it in your head.

Bracketing

Bracketing is a very cool technique where you take multiple shots of the same scene with different exposure settings. This is a technique photographers use to ensure they capture the perfect exposure, especially in challenging lighting conditions. The camera automatically takes several shots, each with a different exposure: one at the correct exposure, one underexposed, and one overexposed. This gives you a range of options to choose from when you're editing your photos later. Bracketing is particularly useful when dealing with scenes that have a wide dynamic range, meaning there's a big difference between the brightest and darkest areas. With bracketing, you're more likely to get a well-exposed image, even in tricky lighting. It's a safety net for ensuring you capture all the details in a scene, from the highlights to the shadows. Most cameras have a bracketing mode that makes this easy. This is a must-know concept for any serious photographer.

C is for Composition: Framing Your Vision

Composition, my friends, is all about how you arrange the elements within your frame. It's the art of creating a visually appealing and balanced image. The goal is to guide the viewer's eye and tell a story through your photographs. Understanding composition techniques like the rule of thirds, leading lines, and symmetry is crucial for creating compelling images. The rule of thirds is a fundamental guideline that suggests dividing your frame into nine equal parts using two horizontal and two vertical lines. Placing key elements along these lines or at their intersections can make your photos more visually appealing. Leading lines are lines within your image that draw the viewer's eye towards a specific point, adding depth and interest to your photos. Symmetry involves creating a balanced image where both sides are mirrored, which can create a sense of harmony. Strong composition makes a huge difference. You can have the perfect exposure and the best camera, but a poorly composed photo just won't cut it.

Color Temperature

Color temperature is a cool concept that describes the warmth or coolness of the light in your scene, measured in Kelvin (K). It affects the overall color cast of your images. Warmer colors, like those in a sunset, have lower Kelvin values (around 2000-3000K), while cooler colors, like those in a bright, overcast sky, have higher Kelvin values (around 6000-10000K). Most cameras have a white balance setting that allows you to adjust the color temperature to compensate for different lighting conditions. This ensures that the colors in your photos look accurate. Setting the white balance properly is essential for achieving natural-looking colors in your photographs. Understanding and controlling color temperature is essential for creating images that look the way you intend. By adjusting the white balance, you can neutralize unwanted color casts and ensure that your images accurately reflect the colors in your scene. Whether you are shooting indoors or outdoors, understanding and adjusting color temperature is a crucial skill for every photographer. This ensures that your photos display accurate and pleasing colors, regardless of the light source.

D is for Depth of Field: Controlling Sharpness

Depth of field refers to the area of your image that appears acceptably sharp. It's directly related to aperture. A wide aperture (small f-number) creates a shallow depth of field, blurring the background and isolating your subject. A narrow aperture (large f-number) creates a large depth of field, keeping both your foreground and background in focus. The choice of depth of field is a creative decision that depends on your artistic vision and the specific scene you're shooting. Understanding and controlling depth of field is essential for creating compelling photographs. Controlling depth of field allows you to direct the viewer's eye to the most important element in your scene, whether it's a portrait subject or a vast landscape. Depth of field allows you to control the sharpness of different areas within the image. By mastering depth of field, you can create stunning images that captivate and engage your viewers. Being aware of this concept will help you to create more eye-catching pictures.

Dynamic Range

Dynamic range is the range of light intensities that a camera can capture, from the darkest shadows to the brightest highlights. A high dynamic range means the camera can capture a wider range of tones, preserving details in both shadows and highlights. This is a very important concept. Scenes with high contrast can be challenging to capture. Having a camera with a good dynamic range is super important. Dynamic range is measured in stops, with each stop representing a doubling or halving of the light. The more stops your camera can capture, the better it will be at handling scenes with a wide range of tones. High dynamic range allows for better detail and overall image quality in challenging lighting situations, such as shooting against the sun or in heavily shaded areas. Understanding and being aware of dynamic range is crucial for photographers looking to achieve professional-quality results. Knowing your camera's dynamic range capabilities helps you make informed decisions about exposure and post-processing, ensuring that you capture all the necessary details.

E is for Exposure: Getting It Right

We touched on exposure briefly before, but let's dive deeper. Exposure is the amount of light that hits your camera's sensor. Proper exposure means your image is neither too dark (underexposed) nor too bright (overexposed). Mastering exposure is like finding the perfect balance between aperture, shutter speed, and ISO, and it's a key skill for every photographer. Understanding the exposure triangle (aperture, shutter speed, and ISO) is crucial for achieving proper exposure in your photos. Exposure is influenced by the lighting conditions of your scene, and it is a creative decision that influences the overall look of your image. A properly exposed image displays the scene as the photographer intended, while underexposed or overexposed images lose details in either the shadows or highlights. So basically, this is super important.

Editing

Editing, guys, is the process of enhancing your photos after you've taken them. It involves adjusting things like brightness, contrast, color, and sharpness. Editing can be done using a variety of software programs, from simple apps on your phone to professional software like Adobe Photoshop or Lightroom. Editing is an important part of the photography process, as it allows you to fine-tune your images to match your vision. Editing also allows you to make corrections to exposure, white balance, and other issues that may have occurred during the shoot. Post-processing, which includes editing, lets you enhance your creativity and style, adding your personal touch to your photos. The best editors know how to balance enhancement with realism, ensuring that their images look natural and appealing. Understanding editing basics will help you to improve your photo-taking game and allow you to take more control of the final look and feel of your photos. This step is super important, so don't be afraid to try it out.

F is for Focal Length: Seeing the World Differently

Focal length, in simple terms, is the distance between the lens and the image sensor when the subject is in focus. It's measured in millimeters (mm) and determines the field of view and magnification of your lens. Wide-angle lenses (e.g., 16-35mm) have a shorter focal length and capture a wider field of view, ideal for landscapes and group shots. Telephoto lenses (e.g., 70-200mm) have a longer focal length and magnify the subject, making them great for portraits and wildlife photography. The focal length of a lens significantly impacts how you see the world through your camera. The focal length affects perspective and the way the scene is compressed. Understanding focal length is essential for choosing the right lens for your desired style and subject. Whether you're capturing sweeping landscapes or intimate portraits, the focal length of your lens will influence the look and feel of your photographs. By experimenting with different focal lengths, you can develop your photographic style and discover new ways of seeing the world.

File Formats (RAW vs. JPEG)

File formats are the way your camera stores the image data. The two most common file formats are RAW and JPEG. JPEG is a compressed file format that's easy to share and use. However, it throws away some of the image data to reduce file size. RAW files, on the other hand, contain all the original image data captured by your camera's sensor. They give you much more flexibility when editing your photos, allowing you to make significant adjustments to exposure, white balance, and more without losing image quality. RAW is the preferred format for serious photographers who want maximum control over their images. JPEG is perfect for quick sharing and everyday photography, while RAW files are best for post-processing and detailed editing. If you want more control, RAW is the way to go. Otherwise, you can use the JPEG.

G is for Golden Hour: Capturing the Magic of Light

Golden hour is the period shortly after sunrise or before sunset when the sun is low in the sky, casting a warm, soft light. This time of day is a favorite among photographers because the light is flattering and creates a beautiful, magical atmosphere. The golden hour provides a soft, warm light that's perfect for portraits, landscapes, and many other types of photography. The light during the golden hour adds a special touch to your photos, giving them a warm, inviting glow. Capturing photos during the golden hour can transform your images, making them more visually stunning. When the sun is low in the sky, you'll find there are many possibilities for your photos, creating shadows and highlights, which can add depth and interest to your images. To truly capture the magic, photographers plan their shoots around the golden hour, ensuring they're ready to make the most of the gorgeous lighting conditions. To maximize the effect, you will need to prepare your shots before golden hour to ensure that everything goes as planned.

Grain/Noise

Grain/Noise refers to the speckled or grainy appearance in your photos, especially those taken at a high ISO. It's a sign of the camera sensor struggling to gather enough light. Grain is more noticeable in the darker areas of your images. It's the unwanted appearance that can detract from image quality. While a little bit of grain can sometimes add a certain artistic look, too much can make your images look less sharp and less detailed. The amount of grain or noise in your photos depends on your camera's sensor, the ISO setting, and the lighting conditions. The higher your ISO, the more grain you'll see. Understanding grain helps you to know what to expect in different shooting conditions, and the effects it can have on your photos. The best way to reduce grain is to use the lowest possible ISO setting and ensure your subject is well-lit. This ensures that the details and clarity of your images are the best possible.

H is for HDR (High Dynamic Range): Capturing More Detail

HDR (High Dynamic Range) is a technique used to create images with a wider range of tones than a single exposure can capture. It's especially useful in scenes with a high dynamic range, like landscapes with bright skies and dark shadows. To create an HDR image, you take multiple shots of the same scene with different exposure settings (bracketing). Then, you combine these shots in post-processing to create a single image with more detail in both the highlights and shadows. This technique helps to bring out the details in both the highlights and shadows, resulting in a more balanced and visually appealing image. Many cameras and editing software have built-in HDR features that make this process easier. The HDR photography is a powerful tool to capture scenes with high dynamic range, making them a must-know. HDR photography is a really cool technique that helps to bring out details in both the shadows and highlights, giving your photos a more balanced look.

Histogram

A histogram is a graph that represents the tonal distribution of your image. It shows the number of pixels for each brightness level, from black (left side) to white (right side). The histogram is a powerful tool for exposure and a must-know concept. By understanding the histogram, you can see if your image is properly exposed or if it's too dark (underexposed) or too bright (overexposed). The histogram can also help you identify problems like clipped highlights (areas that are completely white with no detail) or clipped shadows (areas that are completely black with no detail). Using the histogram to fine-tune your exposure settings is a great way to ensure that you capture all the details in your scene. Understanding the histogram helps you to make more informed decisions when taking your photos and can drastically improve your image quality. Knowing how to read the histogram is a skill that will help you to elevate your photography game and achieve great photos.

I is for ISO: Controlling Light Sensitivity

ISO measures your camera's sensitivity to light. A low ISO (e.g., 100) is best for bright conditions and produces clean images. A high ISO (e.g., 3200 or higher) is useful in low light but can introduce noise or grain into your image. Understanding and properly using ISO allows you to adjust your camera's sensitivity to light. By choosing the right ISO setting, you can ensure that your images are properly exposed and have the desired level of detail. The best ISO setting depends on the lighting conditions, and it's essential for achieving the best results in various photographic situations. The ISO setting impacts image quality, with lower settings typically producing cleaner images, while higher settings may introduce noise or grain. So, knowing about ISO is a very important concept to understand.

Image Stabilization

Image stabilization is a technology designed to minimize the effects of camera shake, especially when shooting handheld. It helps to keep your images sharp, particularly in low light or when using a telephoto lens. Image stabilization can be found in lenses (lens-based) or in the camera body (sensor-based). Image stabilization allows you to use slower shutter speeds without worrying about blur. Image stabilization is a very helpful tool, especially when shooting in difficult conditions. This will allow you to get clear images when shooting handheld.

J is for JPEG: The Common Image Format

We touched on this before, but JPEG is a widely used file format for images. It's a compressed format, which means it reduces file size by discarding some of the image data. JPEGs are easy to share and compatible with almost every device. While JPEG files are convenient, they offer less flexibility during editing compared to RAW files. However, JPEG files are a great option for everyday photos or when you need to share your images quickly and easily. They offer a good balance between image quality and file size. So, JPEGs are very important, especially for beginners.

Lens

Lens is the optical component of your camera that focuses light onto the image sensor. Different lenses offer different focal lengths and apertures, impacting your creative options. Choosing the right lens is crucial for achieving your desired photographic style. There are various types of lenses, from wide-angle lenses for landscapes to telephoto lenses for portraits and wildlife. Understanding how different lenses affect your images can significantly expand your photographic capabilities. So, choosing the right lens for the right situation is key.

K is for Kelvin: Measuring Color Temperature

We discussed this before. But to refresh, Kelvin is a unit of measurement for color temperature. It helps to describe the warmth or coolness of light. Lower Kelvin values (e.g., 2000-3000K) indicate warm light, while higher values (e.g., 6000-10000K) indicate cool light. Understanding Kelvin helps you to set the appropriate white balance on your camera to ensure accurate colors in your images. Knowing how to adjust the white balance based on the color temperature of your scene is essential for capturing the true colors. Color temperature can be used to set the mood of your images, which is why it is so important.

Kit Lens

A kit lens is the standard lens that comes bundled with a camera. These lenses are typically versatile, offering a range of focal lengths, but may not have the best image quality or aperture range. They are great for beginners as they are a very good starting point.

L is for Leading Lines: Guiding the Viewer's Eye

Leading lines are elements in your composition that draw the viewer's eye through the image. These can be roads, fences, or other lines that lead towards your subject or a focal point. Using leading lines is a powerful composition technique that adds depth and interest to your photos. Properly using leading lines can make your photos much more visually appealing. Learning how to properly use leading lines is a very important concept to know. Leading lines will greatly improve the quality of your images.

Long Exposure

Long exposure photography involves using a very slow shutter speed to capture motion or create other effects. This technique is often used to blur moving objects (like water or clouds) or capture light trails. Long exposure photography can be used to create stunning and creative images. Mastering the technique of long exposure photography requires a tripod to keep your camera stable during the long exposure. So if you plan to do long exposure photography, be sure to have a tripod.

M is for Manual Mode: Taking Control

Manual mode (M) is a camera setting that allows you to control the aperture, shutter speed, and ISO yourself. This is the most creative mode for photographers, as it gives you the most control over your image's exposure and look. Knowing Manual mode is very important to get the most out of your camera. Using Manual mode gives you the most creative control and allows you to truly express your vision. If you take the time to learn and practice in Manual mode, you'll be able to create some cool pictures.

Macro

Macro photography is taking close-up images of tiny subjects, like insects, flowers, or small details. Macro lenses are designed to focus very closely, allowing you to capture intricate details. Macro photography can reveal a whole new world of detail that we can't see with our naked eyes. Many photographers use macro lenses to capture incredibly detailed images of small subjects.

N is for Noise: The Enemy of Clean Images

We've touched on this a few times, but noise is the grainy appearance in your photos, especially those taken at a high ISO. It's caused by the camera's sensor struggling to gather enough light. Noise can reduce the sharpness and detail in your images. Understanding and controlling noise is essential for achieving high-quality images. To minimize noise, use the lowest ISO possible and ensure that you have sufficient lighting.

Neutral Density Filter (ND Filter)

A neutral density (ND) filter is a filter that reduces the amount of light entering your lens. This allows you to use slower shutter speeds or wider apertures in bright light, which is useful for creating motion blur or shallow depth of field. ND filters come in various strengths, allowing you to control how much light is blocked. If you want to use a slower shutter speed in bright light, you need an ND filter. If you want to get creative with your shots, this will be your best friend.

O is for Overexposure: Too Much Light

Overexposure is when your image is too bright, resulting in a loss of detail in the highlights. It happens when too much light hits your camera's sensor. If an image is overexposed, the highlights may be blown out, meaning there's no detail in those areas. Knowing how to prevent overexposure is important. Using your camera's histogram and exposure compensation can help you avoid overexposure. When your image is overexposed, it is hard to fix.

Optical Zoom

Optical zoom is a type of zoom that physically adjusts the focal length of the lens to magnify the subject. Unlike digital zoom, optical zoom does not degrade the image quality. Optical zoom is the best kind of zoom, and you should always try to use it if you have the option. The more optical zoom you have, the better.

P is for Perspective: Seeing the World Differently

Perspective refers to the way objects appear smaller or larger, and closer or further away, depending on the focal length and your shooting position. Changing your perspective can dramatically alter the look of your images. Changing your perspective is a great way to add interest and creativity to your photos. So always keep it in mind.

Prime Lens

A prime lens is a lens with a fixed focal length. They are typically sharper and have wider apertures than zoom lenses. Prime lenses are great for portraits. Prime lenses are great for learning photography because they allow you to focus on the basics.

Q is for Quality: Achieving the Best Results

Image quality refers to the overall sharpness, clarity, and detail of your images. It's influenced by your camera's sensor, lens, ISO, and exposure settings. The goal is to produce images with the highest possible quality. Ensuring you get the best image quality is a key goal for all photographers. The higher the image quality, the more detailed and clear your image is.

RAW vs. JPEG

We've talked about this earlier. But to recap, RAW files capture all the data from your camera's sensor, giving you more flexibility in editing. JPEGs are compressed and easier to share, but they offer less editing flexibility. Choosing between RAW and JPEG depends on your needs and goals. If you want more control over the final look, RAW is the way to go. If you are starting out, use JPEG. You can always switch to RAW later.

R is for Rule of Thirds: A Compositional Guideline

The rule of thirds is a basic composition guideline that suggests dividing your frame into nine equal parts and placing key elements along the lines or at their intersections. Using the rule of thirds creates more visually appealing and balanced images. The rule of thirds is a great starting point for beginners. It's a great tool to remember when taking pictures.

Resolution

Resolution refers to the level of detail in an image, usually measured in pixels (e.g., megapixels). Higher resolution means more detail. More resolution is typically better. But it is not the only thing that matters, of course. A higher resolution image can be printed larger or cropped more without losing detail.

S is for Shutter Speed: Controlling Motion

Shutter speed is the length of time your camera's shutter is open, measured in seconds or fractions of a second. It controls how motion is captured in your images. Fast shutter speeds freeze motion, while slow shutter speeds blur motion. Shutter speed plays a key role in the overall look and feel of your images. Learning shutter speed is super important to master and create the best images. Whether you want to freeze motion or create blur, shutter speed is your best friend.

Silhouette

A silhouette is a dark outline of a subject against a brighter background. Silhouettes can create dramatic and artistic images. Silhouettes can be created by exposing for the bright background and underexposing the subject.

T is for Tripod: Stabilizing Your Camera

A tripod is a three-legged stand that stabilizes your camera. It's essential for long exposure photography, low-light shooting, and when you need to keep your camera perfectly still. A tripod is essential for the best image quality. The tripod can drastically improve the quality of your images in many situations.

Telephoto Lens

A telephoto lens is a lens with a long focal length, used for magnifying distant subjects. Telephoto lenses are great for portraits. Telephoto lenses are an important part of a photographer's toolkit.

U is for Underexposure: Not Enough Light

Underexposure is when your image is too dark, resulting in a loss of detail in the shadows. It happens when not enough light hits your camera's sensor. If an image is underexposed, the shadows may be too dark. Learning how to prevent underexposure is as important as overexposure. Using your camera's histogram and exposure compensation can help you avoid underexposure. Underexposure can be tough to fix, so it's best to avoid it in the first place.

Ultra-Wide Lens

An ultra-wide lens is a lens with an extremely short focal length, capturing a very wide field of view. Ultra-wide lenses are great for landscapes. They are great for taking cool pictures of landscapes.

V is for Viewfinder: Framing Your Shots

The viewfinder is the small window on your camera through which you look to frame your shots. Some cameras have an electronic viewfinder (EVF), while others have an optical viewfinder. Using the viewfinder allows you to see the scene as it will be captured. Learning how to use the viewfinder is important. So you can ensure the best composition.

Vignetting

Vignetting is a darkening of the corners of an image. It can be caused by the lens or by editing. Vignetting can add a creative look to your images.

W is for White Balance: Getting the Colors Right

White balance is a camera setting that adjusts the colors in your images to match the color temperature of the light. White balance ensures that the white objects appear white and that colors look accurate. Learning how to properly set your white balance is essential for capturing natural-looking colors in your photos. White balance is a very important concept. So keep it in mind.

Wide Angle Lens

A wide-angle lens is a lens with a short focal length, capturing a wide field of view. Wide-angle lenses are great for landscapes and group shots. Wide-angle lenses can be used to take really cool pictures.

X is for Xenon Flash: Lighting Up the Scene

Xenon flash is a type of artificial light used in photography to illuminate a scene. It provides a burst of bright light for a short period. Knowing what Xenon Flash is will help you to choose the right lighting for your photos.

X-Sync

X-sync is the setting on a camera that synchronizes the flash with the shutter. It ensures that the flash fires at the correct time to illuminate the scene. X-sync is an important setting when using flash photography.

Y is for Yellow Filter: Enhancing Contrast

A yellow filter is a filter used on a camera lens to absorb blue light and enhance contrast in black and white photography. Yellow filters are a great tool to improve the look of black and white images.

Yield

Yield is not a specific photography term, but it is a word often used in the context of production or output, such as how many good photos were created in a single session. In photography,